Overview:

- There are no grammatical genders.
- There are no articles.
- Nouns and adjectives are invariable.
- Nouns can function as adjectives and as verbs without any affixation.

Example:

- Worth, value
Tathau

- I value my clan
Wa tathau wa hen

- My ally is worthy
Wa mirter tathau

Singular, and Plural:

- Grammatical number is indicated by employing specific particles positioned before the noun, as outlined in the following table.
- The plural particles are not used with numerals.

Plural Particles:

- Animate nouns: hen (clan)
- Inanimate Nouns: yi (fist)

Examples:

- The tree
Tu

- The trees
Yi tu

- The animal
Mu

- The animals
Hen mu

Comparison of Adjectives:

- Comparative: the word yida (more) is placed before the adjective.
- Superlative: the adjective is repeated twice.

Examples:

- Strong
Ya

- Stronger
Yida ya

- Strongest
Ya-ya

Pronouns:

1st Person (Singular): wa
2nd Person (Singular): ka
3rd Person (Singular): ku
1st Person (Plural): wahen
2nd Person (Plural): kahen
3rd Person (Plural): kuhen
Reflexive Pronoun: nen

- Pronouns as subjects cannot be omitted.
- "To me" is expressed as ú (to here).
- The reflexive pronoun is applied to every person.

Examples:

- I see it
Wa ǵai

- I see myself
Wa ǵai nen

- I see you
Wa ǵai ka

Verbs:

- Verbs do not conjugate.
- Particles are used before the verb to express tense, voice and evidentiality. Although those particles are not mandatory, and can be omitted.

Tense Particles:

- Present Continuous: ru
- Past: nai
- Future: wi

Examples:

- I tell
Wa nátmai

- I am telling
Wa (ru) nátmai

- I will tell
Wa (wi) nátmai

- I told
Wa (nai) nátmai

Voice and Participle Particles:

- Passive Voice: hek
- Participle: ǵah

Examples:

- I am told
Wa (hek) nátmai

- I was told
Wa (nai) (hek) nátmai

- Told
Ǵah nátmai

Evidentiality Particles:

Evidentiality indicates how speakers convey information about the source of their knowledge. Due to the practice of storytelling, evidentiality particles arose in the Guyin Language to express the source of the story being told. There are six optional evidentiality particles in the Guyin Language, depending on the source of the knowledge:

- Visual evidence: ǵáwa
- Tactile evidence: tatwa
- Auditory evidence: karwa
- Historical evidence (hearsay): tuǵwa
- Olfactory evidence: hunwa
- Gustatory evidence: ganwa

Examples:

- This burns (I saw it)
U (ǵáwa) tar (visual evidence)

- This burns (I touched it)
U (tatwa) tar (tactile evidence)

- This burns (I smelled it)
U (hunwa) tar (olfactory evidence)

- This burns (I tasted it)
U (ganwa) tar (olfactory evidence)

- He broke it (I heard him break it)
U (karwa) gon (auditory evidence)

- He broke it (I was told)
U (tuǵwa) gon (historical evidence)

Imperative Mood:

- For Imperative sentences, the verb is placed at the beginning of the sentence without a subject.

Example:

- Do it!
Ǵah!

Copula verb (to be):

- The copula verb di (to be) is only used to connect two nouns.
- When expressing location, the verb ak (to be, stay) is used.

Examples:

- She is young
U háǵah

- She was young
U (nai) háǵah

- She is a child
U di unta

- She was a child
U (nai) di unta

- She is here
U ak u