Verbs:

Conjugation:

Active: -a
Middle: -u
Passive: -i

- Verbs conjugate only according to voice: active, middle and passive. Verbs do not conjugate according to tense or person.
- Middle Voice is used for reflexive verbs.

Examples:

- I love (it)
yiva yerina

- I love myself
yiva yerinu

- Passive Voice is used when the subject suffers the action.

Example:

- I am loved
yiva yerini

- Tense and mood are shown by particles.
- Modal verbs do not conjugate, the main verb will conjugate instead.

Example:

- I can do it
yiva vuya deler
[I do can]

- The verb “laraner” (to be) is omitted when obvious.

Example:

- I am happy
yiva olir
[I happy]

Conditional Suffix:

- The Suffix “-’ri” is added after the conjugated verb to signal conditionality.

Example:

- I would do it
yiva vuya’ri

- I could do it
yiva vuya’ri deler

Particles:

- Verbal particles stay at the beginning of the sentence.
- The following particles are listed according to the sequence by which they appear in the sentence, in case more than one particle is present.

- The Question Particle “eyi” is used in yes / no questions.
- The Answer Particle “ayi” is used in emphatic answers.
- The Imperative Particle “yi” is used in the Imperative mood.
- The Optative Particle “uyi” is used in wishes or hope regarding an action.
- The Negative Particle “ti” is used in negative sentences.
- The Vetitive and Negative Imperative Particle “tiyi” is used in prohibitions and in the negative imperative mood.

- Progressive Particle (it expresses an on-going action): ”mnema”
- Past Tense Particle: “vrilo”
- Future Tense Particle: “mlimo”
- Suggestion Particle: “kyeri” (let’s / don’t you / should / shouldn't).

Examples:

- Let’s go!
kyeri dunima
[‘suggestion particle’ go]

- Don’t you want to go?
eyi kyeri luva dunima
[‘question particle’ ‘suggestion particle’ you go]

- You should go
yi kyeri dunima
[‘imperative particle’ ‘suggestion particle’ go]

- You shouldn’t go
niyi kyeri dunima
[‘vetitive particle’ ‘suggestion particle’ go]

- Tense particles are not required when the tense is obvious.

Examples:

- I love you in this moment
mnema yiva yerina luva

- I loved you
vrilo yiva yerina luva

- I will love you
mlimo yiva yerina luva

- Let’s love each other
kyeri yerinu

- Do you love me?
eyi luva yerina

- I do love you!
ayi yiva yerina luva

- I don’t love you
ti yiva yerina luva

- May you love me!
uyi luva yerina yiva

- Love me!
yi yerina yiva

- Don’t love me!
tiyi yerina yiva

Participle:

- There are the present, past and future participles.
- The present and future participles are active and the perfect participle is passive.
- Present participle describes an action that occur in the present moment.

Example:

- I see the baby crying / I see the crying baby / I see the baby who is crying
yiva gorina yinarur esto
[I see crying baby]

- Future participle describes an action that is going to occur.

Example:

- She went to the forest intending to hunt
vrilo mora dunima drali iqerdu kuranale
[‘past particle’ she go to forest to hunt-future participle]

- Past participle describes an action that occurred in the past.

Example:

- After hearing a voice, the boy was afraid
vrilo ina kilanor dirana  oryo vironyel
[‘past particle’ the voice heard boy afraid]

- Conjugation:

Present: -ur
Past: -or
Future: -ale

- Verb ending “-er” is removed before conjugating.